Sunday, February 16, 2020
The First Crusade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
The First Crusade - Research Paper Example Indeed Pope Urbanââ¬â¢s religious apparel often tends to shroud the true aspects of the First Crusade and the fact that Pope Urban himself was up to his own cause is often ignored. Indeed historians have interpreted the event of the First Crusade differently. The lack of any unique primary document on Pope Urbanââ¬â¢s (II) motive for the crusade has laid the event open to interpretation. These interpretations revolve mainly around three points: a. the 11th century reform movement, b. the Seldjuk or Muslim threat to the Eastern Roman Orthodoxy, c. affirmation of Papacy on entire European Christendom. But an astute analysis of the event will reveal that all of these three causes had their, more or less, equal shares of influence on the First Crusade. Seldjukââ¬â¢s Threat in the East as a Primary Cause of First Crusade Though there is a common tendency among the historians to underrate the Seljuk threat to the Eastern Christendom considering it as a secondary cause of the First Crusade and to view it as a mere excuse to move eastward, the Seljuk attack on the Byzantine Empire was no less important as a psychological motivation than other causes. In a concrete sense, it might be a mere excuse in Pope Urbanââ¬â¢s political and religious scheme, but it was a demonic cause to usurp the commonersââ¬â¢ sacrificial emotion for the war in its essence. In fact, First Crusade was the product of the reincarnated commonersââ¬â¢ passion for a holy war against the infidel and the unfaithful that were commonly considered to be the Seldjuk during the late 11th century. The extremity of medieval religiosity to achieve ablution for sins, restored faith of the commoners in church, superiority of the Popes and the churchââ¬â¢s victory of the Emperor- all together functioned to boost up the common peopleââ¬â¢s zeal to fight for the Holy Land and eastern Christendom against the invading Seldjuk. Even if Islam and Christianity coexist on the east bank of the Medi terranean Sea for more than three hundred years before the 1000s, as Thomas Asbridgeââ¬â¢s claims, the increasing Seldjuk attacks on the Byzantine Empire, the defeat in Manzikert in 1077, the conquest of religiously important cities like Antioch and Nicaea, Turkish invasion and conquest of Anatolia, etc were severe blows on the 11th century Christendom that made the Western church reformers feel the pressure on the East and eventually provoked the superior papacy to successfully characterize the invaders as the infidel and unfaithful who must be challenged. In an article, Paul Crawford describes the crisis as following: ââ¬Å"In 1071 the Turks met and crushed the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, near Armenia. As a result the entire heartland of the Empire, in Asia Minor, lay open and defenselessâ⬠(Crawford 2). The atrocities of the Seldjuk are reflected in a ââ¬Å"Letter of Alexius to Count Robert of Flandersâ⬠: The holy places they desecrate and destroy in numberless ways, and they threaten them with worse treatmentâ⬠¦For almost the entire land from Jerusalem to Greece, and the whole of Greece with its upper regionsâ⬠¦and now almost nothing remains except Constantinople. (Alexius) East-West Schism as one of the Causes of First Crusade Indeed for Pope Urban II there was no
Sunday, February 2, 2020
PEER REVIEW FROM A RESEARCH ARTICLE Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
PEER REVIEW FROM A ARTICLE - Research Paper Example The authors seem to agree that asthma is among chronic illnesses contributing to the highest cases of absenteeism in United States schools. In this case, I show that the study conducted by Wyatt and Hauenstein on the role of Okay with Asthma is credible despite the limited nature of the research itself. Okay with Asthma is an online interactive program designed to help asthma victims become their own managers. It brings together school nurses and students by creating a unique platform for online interaction. The program integrates the traditional content of asthma management side by side with psychosocial strategies for managing asthma. In his study, Wyatt and Hauensteinââ¬â¢s employed one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design to pilot test the effectiveness of Okay with Asthma intervention. The aim of the study was to find out whether or not the program is effective in improving studentsââ¬â¢ knowledge about asthma as well as their attitudes towards the same illness. A random sampling technique was used to select elements of the study. The researcher sent out 169 letters to families with asthmatic children aged between 8 and 11 years. 53 families responded positively but only 37 of the children took part in the study. Criterion used to select participants was abil ity to complete assent form, children without cognitive or psychiatric disturbances, and children with moderate to severe asthma. The study by Wyatt and Hauenstein was done in part 1 and part 2 with each part lasting for a period of one week. To establish if Okay with Asthma enhanced knowledge scores on the AIQ and attitude tests on the CATIS, t tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used. The finding was that the knowledge base of the students about asthma improved in week two (post test) as compared to (pre-test). As for the second article, Clark conducts a study
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